Pulse Position Modulation (PPM) timing (ppm signal from Graupner MC-12 measured with oscilloscope) 22ms (fixed) |<-------------------------------------------------------------------------->| 400us (fixed) |<>| ->|<---Init.--->|<-Ch.1->|<-Ch.2->|<-Ch.3->|<-Ch.4->|<-Ch.5->|<-Ch.6->|<-Ch.7->|<---Init.--->|<--- +--+ +--+ +--+ +--+ +--+ +--+ +--+ +--+ +--+ +--+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | __|8 |__________|1 |_____|2 |_____|3 |_____|4 |_____|5 |_____|6 |_____|7 |_____|8 |__________|1 |_ |<------>| channel pulse (modulated): 1500us for channel = 0%; 1100us/1900us for channel = -100%/+100%; 900us/2100us for channel = -150%/+150% |<----------->| init. pulse (modulated): 22ms minus the duration of 7 channels 11500us for 7 channels = 0% 14300us/8700us for 7 channels = -100%/+100%; 15700us/7300us for 7 channels = -150%/+150%; Since each pulse width is measured between two rising edge, doesn't matter if the radio has a positive ppm signal (as the one above) or negative (level 1 and 0 inverted) and if we use or not an inverting separator stage before RB0/INT input pin.